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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">List of chemical element name etymologies</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><p>This is the <b>list of <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologies</a> for all <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> names</b>.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Table"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Table</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
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<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Table">Table</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Table">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;">
<tr>
<th colspan="3">Element</th>
<th>Language of Origin</th>
<th>Original Word</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
<th>Symbol Origin</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>89</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a></td>
<td>Ac</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>ἀκτίς (<i>aktis</i>)</td>
<td>beam</td>
<td>Greek <a href="/wiki/Ray_(optics)" title="Ray (optics)"><i><b>ak</b>tinos</i></a></td>
<td>ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος (<i>aktis</i>; <i>aktinos</i>), which means "beam (<a href="/wiki/Ray_(optics)" title="Ray (optics)">ray</a>)".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></td>
<td>Al</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>alumen</i></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a> (literally: bitter salt)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>Latin <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum"><i><b>al</b>umen</i></a></td>
<td>Latin <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum"><i>alumen</i></a>, which means "<a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>" (literally "bitter salt").</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>95</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a></td>
<td>Am</td>
<td></td>
<td>America</td>
<td></td>
<td>toponym: the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><b>Am</b>ericas</a></td>
<td>Named for the Americas, because it was discovered in the United States (by analogy with <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a>) (the name of the continent <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a> is derived from the name of the Italian navigator <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>51</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a></td>
<td>Sb</td>
<td>Greek? via <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>ἀντί + μόνος<br />
(<i>anti monos</i>);<br />
<i>antimonium</i>/<br />
<i>antimonie</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>various</td>
<td></td>
<td>Possibly from Greek ἀντί + μόνος (<i>anti monos</i>), approximately meaning "opposed to solitude", as believed never to exist in pure form, or ἀντί + μοναχός (<i>anti monachos</i>) for "monk-killer" (in French folk etymology, anti-moine "monk's bane"), because many early alchemists were monks, and antimony is poisonous. This may also be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Pharaonic" title="Pharaonic" class="mw-redirect">Pharaonic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a>), <i>Antos <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></i> (expression), which could be translated as "bloom of the god Ammo".<br />
The symbol <b>Sb</b> is from Latin name <b>Stibium</b>, which is derived from Greek Στίβι <i>stíbi</i>, a variant of <i>στίμμι</i> <i>stimmi</i> (genitive: στίμμεος or στίμμιδος), probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptian
<table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr">
<tr>
<td>
<table class="mw-hiero-table">
<tr>
<td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf23/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png" height="6" title="O34" alt="O34" /><br />
<img style="margin: 1px;" src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf23/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png" height="12" title="D46" alt="D46" /></td>
<td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf23/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G17.png" height="38" title="G17" alt="G17" /></td>
<td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf23/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F21.png" height="19" title="F21" alt="F21" /><br />
<img style="margin: 1px;" src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf23/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D4.png" height="12" title="D4" alt="D4" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<i>sdm</i>. <a href="/wiki/Littr%C3%A9" title="Littré" class="mw-redirect">Littré</a> suggests that the first form is derived from *<i>stimmida</i>, a hypothetical alternative <a href="/wiki/Accusative" title="Accusative" class="mw-redirect">accusative</a> of <i>stimmi</i> (the canonical accusative of the noun is the same as the nominative: <i>stimmi</i>). The Arabic word for the substance, as "mark" or "the cosmetic", can appear as تحميض، ثمود، وثمود، وثمود <i>ithmid</i>, <i>athmoud</i>, <i>othmod</i> or <i>uthmod</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>18</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a></td>
<td>Ar</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>ἀργόν (<i>argon</i>)</td>
<td>inactive</td>
<td>descriptive: <a href="/wiki/Inert" title="Inert"><i><b>ar</b>gon</i></a></td>
<td>Greek <a href="/wiki/Inert" title="Inert"><i>argon</i></a> means "inactive" (literally "slow").</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>33</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a></td>
<td>As</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>/<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> via Greek, Latin, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></td>
<td>ἀρσενικόν (<i>arsenikon</i>)</td>
<td>orpiment</td>
<td>Greek <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male"><i><b>a</b>r<b>s</b>enikon</i></a></td>
<td>From Greek ἀρσενικόν (<i>arsenikon</i>), which is adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> ܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ (al) zarniqa<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, زرنيخ (<i>zarnik</i>), "yellow <a href="/wiki/Orpiment" title="Orpiment">orpiment</a>". Ἀρσενικόν (<i>arsenikon</i>) is <a href="/wiki/False_etymology" title="False etymology">paretymologically</a> related to the Greek word ἀρσενικός (<i>arsenikos</i>), which means "masculine" or "potent." These words were adapted as the Latin <i>arsenicum</i> and Old French <i>arsenic</i>, which is the source for the English arsenic.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>85</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a></td>
<td>At</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>ἄστατος (<i>astatos</i>)</td>
<td>unstable</td>
<td>Greek <a href="/wiki/Unstable" title="Unstable" class="mw-redirect"><i><b>a</b>s<b>t</b>atos</i></a></td>
<td>ἄστατος (<i>astatos</i>) means "unstable".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>56</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></td>
<td>Ba</td>
<td>Greek via <a href="/wiki/Modern_Latin" title="Modern Latin" class="mw-redirect">Modern Latin</a></td>
<td>βαρύς (<i>barys</i>)</td>
<td>heavy</td>
<td>Greek <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density"><i><b>ba</b>rys</i></a></td>
<td>βαρύς (<i>barys</i>) means "heavy". The oxide was initially called "barote", then "baryta", which was modified to "barium" to describe the metal. <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Sir Humphry Davy</a> gave the element this name because it was originally found in <a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">baryte</a>, which shares the same source.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>97</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a></td>
<td>Bk</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" title="Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect">Anglo-Saxon</a> via English</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td>
<td></td>
<td>toponym: <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California"><b>B</b>er<b>k</b>eley, California</a></td>
<td>Named for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, where it was discovered. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, was named in honor of <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>. "Berkeley" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>beorce léah</i>, which meaning <i>birch lea.</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a></td>
<td>Be</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> via Greek, Latin, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></td>
<td>βήρυλλος (<i>beryllos</i>)</td>
<td>a blue-green spar, but possibly related to the name of <a href="/wiki/Belur" title="Belur">Belur</a></td>
<td>descriptive (colour): <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl"><b>be</b>ryl</a></td>
<td>βήρυλλος <i>beryllos</i>, denoting <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>, which contains beryllium.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The word is derived (via Latin: Beryllus and French: Béryl) from the Greek <i>βήρυλλος</i>, <i>bērullos</i>, <i>a blue-green spar</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> <i>veruliya</i> (वॆरुलिय), from <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a> <i>veḷuriya</i> (वेलुरिय); <i>veḷiru</i> (भेलिरु) or, <i>viḷar</i> (भिलर्), "to become pale," in reference to the pale semiprecious gemstone <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> The word is ultimately derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word वैडूर्य vaidurya- which might be related to the name of the city of <a href="/wiki/Belur" title="Belur">Belur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>83</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a></td>
<td>Bi</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/New_Latin" title="New Latin">Modern Latin</a> from German</td>
<td><i>bisemutum</i></td>
<td>white mass</td>
<td>descriptive (colour): <b>bi</b>semutum</td>
<td><i>bisemutum</i> is derived from German <i>Wismuth</i>, perhaps from <i>weiße Masse</i>, and means "white mass", due to its appearance.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>107</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a></td>
<td>Bh</td>
<td></td>
<td>Bohr, Niels</td>
<td></td>
<td>eponym: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels <b>B</b>o<b>h</b>r</a></td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, who made fundamental the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_structure" title="Atomic structure" class="mw-redirect">atomic structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a></td>
<td>B</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> via <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman" title="Anglo-Norman">Anglo-Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></td>
<td>بورق (<i>buraq</i>)</td>
<td></td>
<td>Latin <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax"><b>b</b>orax</a> from Arabic</td>
<td>بورق (<i>buraq</i>) is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, بوره (<i>burah</i>), which refers to <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>. These terms were adapted as <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i>baurach,</i> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman" title="Anglo-Norman">Anglo-Norman</a> <i>boreis,</i> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <i>boras,</i> which became the source of the English boron.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>35</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a></td>
<td>Br</td>
<td>Greek via French</td>
<td>βρόμος (brómos)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>dirt or stench (of he-goats)<sup id="cite_ref-Gemoll_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gemoll-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>Greek <a href="/wiki/Stench" title="Stench" class="mw-redirect"><i><b>br</b>omos</i></a></td>
<td>βρόμος (<i>brómos</i>) means "stench (lit. clangor)", due to its characteristic smell.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>48</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a></td>
<td>Cd</td>
<td>Greek/Latin</td>
<td>καδμεία (<i>kadmeia</i>)</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Calamine" title="Calamine">calamine</a> or Cadmean earth</td>
<td>Greek <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)"><i><b>k</b>a<b>d</b>mia</i></a></td>
<td>From Latin <i>cadmia</i>, which is derived from Greek καδμεία (kadmeia) and means "<a href="/wiki/Calamine" title="Calamine">calamine</a>", a Cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals. Cadmium is named after <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> (in Greek: Κάδμος <i>Kadmos</i>), a character in Greek mythology and calamine is derived from <i>Le Calamine,</i> the French name of the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Kelmis" title="Kelmis">Kelmis</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>55</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a></td>
<td>Cs</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td>caesius</td>
<td>blue-gray<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> or sky blue</td>
<td>descriptive (colour): Latin <a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue"><i><b>c</b>ae<b>s</b>ius</i></a></td>
<td>From Latin <i>caesius</i>, which means "sky blue". Its identification was based upon the bright-blue lines in its spectrum, and it was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></td>
<td>Ca</td>
<td>Greek/Latin</td>
<td>χάλιξ/<i>calx</i></td>
<td>χάλιξ means "pebble", and <i>calx</i> means limestone<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>Latin <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" title="Lime (mineral)" class="mw-redirect"><i><b>ca</b>lx</i></a></td>
<td>From Latin <i>calx</i>, which means "lime". Calcium was known as early as the first century when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Romans</a> prepared <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" title="Lime (mineral)" class="mw-redirect">lime</a> as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>98</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a></td>
<td>Cf</td>
<td>English</td>
<td>California</td>
<td></td>
<td>toponym: <a href="/wiki/California#Education" title="California">State and University of <b>C</b>ali<b>f</b>ornia</a></td>
<td>Named for California, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of California and for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. (The origin of the state's name is <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_name_California" title="Origin of the name California" class="mw-redirect">disputed.</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a></td>
<td>C</td>
<td>Latin via French</td>
<td>charbone</td>
<td>charcoal</td>
<td>Latin <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal"><i><b>c</b>arbo</i></a></td>
<td>From the French, <i>charbone</i>, which in turn came from Latin <i>carbō</i>, which means "charcoal" and is related to <i>carbōn-</i>, which means "a coal." (The German and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> names, "Kohlenstoff" and "koolstof", respectively, both literally mean "coal matter".) These words were derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> base *<i>ker-</i> meaning <i>heat,</i> <i>fire,</i> or <i>to burn.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>58</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a></td>
<td>Ce</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Ceres</i></td>
<td>grain, bread</td>
<td>astrological; mythological: <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)"><b>Ce</b>res</a></td>
<td>Named after the asteroid <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid, now classified as a dwarf planet, was named after <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(Roman_mythology)" title="Ceres (Roman mythology)" class="mw-redirect">Ceres</a>, the goddess of fertility in mythology)<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Ceres is derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> *<i>ker-es-</i> from base *<i>ker-</i> meaning <i>to grow.</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>17</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></td>
<td>Cl</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>χλωρός (<i>chlorós</i>)</td>
<td>pale green<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>descriptive (colour): Greek <a href="/wiki/Green-yellow" title="Green-yellow" class="mw-redirect"><i><b>c</b>h<b>l</b>oros</i></a></td>
<td>From Greek χλωρός (<i>chlorós</i>), which means "yellowish green" or "greenish yellow", because of the color of the gas.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>24</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></td>
<td>Cr</td>
<td>Greek via French</td>
<td>χρῶμα (<i>chróma</i>)</td>
<td>color</td>
<td>descriptive (colour): Greek <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color"><i><b>c</b>h<b>r</b>oma</i></a></td>
<td>From Greek χρῶμα (<i>chróma</i>), "color", because of the multicolored compounds. This word was adapted as the French <i>chrome</i>, and adding the suffix -<i>ium</i> created the English chromium.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>27</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></td>
<td>Co</td>
<td>German</td>
<td><i>Kobold</i></td>
<td>evil spirit</td>
<td>German <i><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold"><b>ko</b>bold</a></i></td>
<td>From German <i>Kobold</i>, which means "evil spirit". The metal was named by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome (<a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">polluted</a> and degraded other mined elements, such as nickel). Other sources cite the origin in the silver miners' belief that cobalt had been placed by "<a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a>", who had stolen the silver. Some also think that the name may have been derived from Greek κόβαλος, <i>kobalos</i>, which means "mine" and which may have common roots with kobold, goblin, and cobalt.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>112</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a></td>
<td>Cn</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> via Latin</td>
<td>Copernicus, Nicolaus</td>
<td>Polish surname, literally: "copper nickel"</td>
<td>eponym: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus <b>C</b>oper<b>n</b>icus</a></td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>29</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></td>
<td>Cu</td>
<td>Greek? via Latin, <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>Κύπριος (<i>Kyprios</i>)?</td>
<td>who/which is from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></td>
<td>toponym: Latin <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><i><b>Cu</b>prum</i></a></td>
<td>Possibly derived from Greek Κύπριος (<i>Kyprios</i>) (which comes from Κύπρος (<i>Kypros</i>), the Greek name of Cyprus) via Latin <i>cuprum</i>, West Germanic *<i>kupar</i>, Old English <i>coper</i>/<i>copor</i>, and Middle English <i>coper</i>. In Latin term,during the Roman empire, was <i>aes cyprium</i>; "aes" was the generic term for copper alloys such as <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>). <i>Cyprium</i> means "<a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>" or "which is from Cyprus", where so much of it was mined; it was simplified to <i>cuprum</i> and then eventually Anglicized as <i>copper</i> (Old English <i>coper/copor</i>).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>96</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a></td>
<td>Cm</td>
<td></td>
<td>Curie, Marie and Pierre</td>
<td></td>
<td>eponym: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie <b>C</b>urie</a> and the -u<b>m</b> ending</td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, who discovered <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> and researched <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" title="Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect">radioactivity</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>110</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a></td>
<td>Ds</td>
<td>German</td>
<td>Darmstadt</td>
<td>proper name, literally: "intestine city"</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named for <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, where it was discovered (<a href="/wiki/GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research">GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research</a>, located in Wixhausen, a small suburb north of Darmstadt).<br />
It has also been called <b>Eka-platinum</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>105</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a></td>
<td>Db</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td>
<td>Дубна (<i>Dubna</i>)</td>
<td></td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named for <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">U.S.S.R.</a>) where it was discovered . Researchers of the University of California, Berkeley, proposed <b>Hahnium</b> (<b>Ha</b>), which is named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, for his pioneering work in <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" title="Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect">radioactivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">radiochemistry</a>, but the proposal was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>66</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a></td>
<td>Dy</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>δυσπρόσιτος (<i>dysprositos</i>)</td>
<td>hard to get at</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>Derived from Greek δυσπρόσιτος (<i>dysprositos</i>), which means "hard to get at".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>99</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a></td>
<td>Es</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td>
<td>Einstein, Albert</td>
<td>German-Jewish surname, which means "one stone"</td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, for his work on <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>68</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a></td>
<td>Er</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td>
<td>Ytterby</td>
<td>proper name, literally: "outer village"</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named after the village of <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, where large concentrations of yttria and erbium are located. Erbia and terbia were confused at this time. After 1860, what had been known as terbia was renamed erbia, and, after 1877, what had been known as erbia was renamed terbia.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>63</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a></td>
<td>Eu</td>
<td>Ancient Greek</td>
<td>Εὐρώπη (<i>Europe</i>)</td>
<td>broad-faced or well-watered</td>
<td>toponym;<br />
mythological</td>
<td>Named for Europe, where it was discovered. Europe was named after the fictional Phoenician princess <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>100</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a></td>
<td>Fm</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td>
<td>Fermi, Enrico</td>
<td>Italian surname, from <i>ferm</i>- "fastener" and <i>-i</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, who developed the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>, nuclear and particle physics, and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>114</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a></td>
<td>Fl</td>
<td>Russian</td>
<td>Flerov, Georgy</td>
<td>Russian surname</td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flyorov" title="Georgy Flyorov">Georgy Flyorov</a>, who was at the forefront of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, where the element was discovered.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></td>
<td>F</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>fluor</i></td>
<td>a flowing</td>
<td></td>
<td>From the <a href="/wiki/Fluorspar" title="Fluorspar" class="mw-redirect">Fluorspar</a>, one of its <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>87</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a></td>
<td>Fr</td>
<td>French</td>
<td>France</td>
<td>proper name (Land of the Franks)</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named for France, where it was discovered (<a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute (Paris)</a>).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>64</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a></td>
<td>Gd</td>
<td></td>
<td>Gadolin, Johan</td>
<td></td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>, who was one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> chemistry research, discovered <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a>, and pioneered laboratory exercise teaching. (<a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">Gadolinite</a>, the mineral, is also named for him.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>31</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a></td>
<td>Ga</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Gallia</i></td>
<td>Gaul (Ancient France)</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>From Latin <i>Gallia</i>, which means <i><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a></i> (Ancient France), and also <i>gallus</i>, which means "rooster". The element was obtained as free metal by <a href="/wiki/Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" title="Lecoq de Boisbaudran" class="mw-redirect">Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a>, who named <b>Gallium</b> after France, his native land, and also, punningly, after himself, as <i>Lecoq</i>, which means "the <a href="/wiki/Rooster" title="Rooster">rooster</a>", or in Latin, <i>gallus</i>.
<p><b>Gallium</b> was called <b>Eka-aluminium</b> by <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a> who predicted its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>32</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a></td>
<td>Ge</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Germania</i></td>
<td>Germany</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>From Latin <i>Germania</i>, which means "Germany". <b>Germanium</b> has also been called <b>Eka-silicon</b> by Mendeleev.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>79</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></td>
<td>Au</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language" title="Anglo-Saxon language" class="mw-redirect">Anglo-Saxon</a> via <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></td>
<td><i>gold</i></td>
<td></td>
<td>descriptive (colour): Latin <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><i><b>au</b>rum</i></a></td>
<td>From the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language" title="Anglo-Saxon language" class="mw-redirect">Anglo-Saxon</a>, "gold", from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> <i>*ghel-</i> meaning "yellow/ bright."<br />
<b>Au</b> is from Latin <b>Aurum</b>, which means "shining dawn".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>72</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a></td>
<td>Hf</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Hafnia</i></td>
<td>Copenhagen</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>From Latin <i>Hafnia</i>, which means "<a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>108</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a></td>
<td>Hs</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Hassia</i></td>
<td>Hessen</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Derived from Latin <i>Hassia</i>, which means <a href="/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen" class="mw-redirect">Hessen</a>, the German state where it was discovered (<a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung" class="mw-redirect">Institute for Heavy Ion Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> It has also been called <b>Eka-osmium</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a></td>
<td>He</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>ἥλιος (<i>hélios</i>)</td>
<td>sun</td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>Named after the Greek ἥλιος (<i><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">helios</a></i>), which means "the sun" or the mythological sun-god.<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> It was first identified by its characteristic emission lines in the sun's spectrum.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>67</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a></td>
<td>Ho</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Holmia</i></td>
<td>Stockholm</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Derived from Latin <i>Holmia</i>, which means <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></td>
<td>H</td>
<td>Greek via Latin and French</td>
<td>ὕδωρ (root: ὑδρ-) + -γενής (-<i>genes</i>)</td>
<td>water + begetter</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From French <i>hydrogène</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> and Latin <i>hydro-</i> and <i>-genes</i>, derived from the Greek ὕδωρ γείνομαι (<i>hydor geinomai</i>), meaning "Ι beget water".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>49</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a></td>
<td>In</td>
<td>Greek via Latin and English</td>
<td><i>indigo</i></td>
<td></td>
<td>descriptive (colour)</td>
<td>Named after <i><a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a></i>, because of indigo <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectrum" title="Atomic spectrum" class="mw-redirect">spectrum</a> line. The English word indigo is from Spanish <i>indico</i> and Dutch <i>indigo</i> (from Portuguese <i>endego</i>), from Latin <i>indicum</i> "indigo," from Greek ἰνδικόν, <i>indikon</i> "blue dye from India".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>53</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></td>
<td>I</td>
<td>Greek via French</td>
<td>ἰώδης (<i>iodes</i>)</td>
<td>violet</td>
<td>descriptive (colour)</td>
<td>Named after the Greek ἰώδης (<i>iodes</i>), which means "violet", because of the color of the gas. This word was adapted as the French <i>iode</i>, which is the source of the English iodine.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>77</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a></td>
<td>Ir</td>
<td>Greek via Latin</td>
<td>ἴρις (genitive: ἴριδος)</td>
<td>of rainbows</td>
<td>descriptive (colour)</td>
<td>Named after the Latin noun <i>iris</i>, which means "<a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>, iris plant, iris of the eye", because many of salts are strongly colored; "<a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)" class="mw-redirect">Iris</a>" was originally the name of the goddess of rainbows and a messenger in Greek mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>26</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></td>
<td>Fe</td>
<td>Anglo-Saxon via <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></td>
<td>īsern<br />
(earlier: īren/īsen)<br />
/yren/yron</td>
<td>holy metal or strong metal<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>descriptive: Anglo-Saxon</td>
<td>From the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_language" title="Anglo-Saxon language" class="mw-redirect">Anglo-Saxon</a> <i>īsern</i> which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" title="Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>isarnan</i> meaning "holy metal" or "strong metal" which in its turn may derive from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>, <i>aisar</i>, meaning "the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god(s)</a>", because the earliest iron to be worked (by the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptians</a>, around 4000 BC) was obtained from <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, and meteorites fall from the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The symbol <b>Fe</b> is from Latin <i>ferrum</i>, meaning "iron".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>36</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a></td>
<td>Kr</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>κρυπτός (<i>kryptos</i>)</td>
<td>hidden</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From Greek κρυπτός (<i>kryptos</i>), which means "hidden one", because of its colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous properties (like other <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>57</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></td>
<td>La</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>λανθάνειν (<i>lanthanein</i>)</td>
<td>to lie hidden</td>
<td></td>
<td>From Greek <i>lanthanein</i>, "to lie (hidden)".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>103</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a></td>
<td>Lr</td>
<td></td>
<td>Lawrence, Ernest O</td>
<td></td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of "<a href="/wiki/Ernest_O._Lawrence" title="Ernest O. Lawrence" class="mw-redirect">Ernest O. Lawrence</a>", who was involved in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>.
<p>The symbol is <b>Lr</b> since 1963; formerly <b>Lw</b> was used. <b>Unniltrium</b> was used as a temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>82</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a></td>
<td>Pb</td>
<td>Anglo-Saxon</td>
<td>lead</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>The symbol <b>Pb</b> is from Latin name, <b>Plumbum</b>, hence the English, "plumbing".<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a></td>
<td>Li</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>λίθος (<i>lithos</i>)</td>
<td>stone</td>
<td></td>
<td>From Greek λίθος (<i>lithos</i>) "stone", because it was discovered from a mineral while other common alkali metals (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>) were discovered from plant tissue.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>116</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a></td>
<td>Lv</td>
<td>English</td>
<td>American surname</td>
<td></td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>, which collaborated in the discovery and is in <a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore, California</a>, in turn named after the rancher <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livermore" title="Robert Livermore">Robert Livermore</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>71</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a></td>
<td>Lu</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td>Lutetia</td>
<td>Paris</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named after the Latin, <i>Lutetia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish" class="mw-redirect">Gaulish</a> for "place of mud"), the city of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td>
<td>Mg</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>Μαγνησία (<i>Magnesia</i>)</td>
<td></td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>From the Ancient Greek Μαγνησία (<a href="/wiki/Magnesia_Prefecture" title="Magnesia Prefecture">Magnesia</a>) (district in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>), where discovered.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>25</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></td>
<td>Mn</td>
<td>Greek via Latin, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and French</td>
<td>Μαγνησία<br />
(<i>Magnesia</i>;<br />
Medieval Latin: <i>magnesia</i>)</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Magnesia_Prefecture" title="Magnesia Prefecture">Magnesia</a></td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From Latin <i>Magnesia</i> ultimately from Greek; Magnesia evolved into Manganese in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and into Manganèse in French.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>109</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a></td>
<td>Mt</td>
<td></td>
<td>Meitner, Lise</td>
<td></td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>, who shared discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> It has also been called '<i>Eka-iridium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>101</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a></td>
<td>Md</td>
<td></td>
<td>Mendeleyev, Dmitri</td>
<td></td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleyev" title="Dmitri Mendeleyev" class="mw-redirect">Dmitri Mendeleyev</a>, who invented <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> It has also been called '<i>Eka-thulium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>80</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a></td>
<td>Hg</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td>Mercurius</td>
<td>Mercury</td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, the god of speed and messenger of the Gods, as was the "<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">planet Mercury</a>" named after the god.<br />
The symbol <b>Hg</b> is from Greek name, ὕδωρ and ἀργυρός (<i>hydor</i> and <i>argyros</i>), which became Latin, <i>Hydrargyrum</i>; both mean "water-silver", because it is a liquid like water (at room temperature), and has silvery metallic sheen.<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>42</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></td>
<td>Mo</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>μόλυβδος (<i>molybdos</i>)</td>
<td>lead-like</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From Greek μόλυβδος (<i>molybdos</i>), "lead".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>60</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a></td>
<td>Nd</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>νέος δίδυμος (<i>neos didymos</i>)</td>
<td>new twin</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>Derived from Greek νέος διδύμος (<i>neos didymos</i>), which means "new twin", because <a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">didymium</a> separated into <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a> and neodymium, when they emitted <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salts</a> of different colors.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a></td>
<td>Ne</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>νέος (<i>neos</i>)</td>
<td>new</td>
<td></td>
<td>From Greek "νέος" (<i>neos</i>), which means "new".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>93</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a></td>
<td>Np</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Neptunus</i></td>
<td>Neptune</td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>Named for "<a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>", the planet. (The planet was named after "<a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>", the god of oceans in mythology.)<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>28</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a></td>
<td>Ni</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> via German<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><i>Kopparnickel</i>/<br />
<i>Kupfernickel</i></td>
<td>copper-coloured ore</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <i>Kopparnickel</i>, meaning "copper-colored ore"; this referred to the ore <a href="/wiki/Niccolite" title="Niccolite" class="mw-redirect">niccolite</a> from which it was obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>41</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></td>
<td>Nb</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>Νιόβη (<i>Niobe</i>)</td>
<td>snowy</td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a> in Classical mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The alternate name <b>columbium</b> comes from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)" class="mw-redirect">Columbia</a>, personification of America.<br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></td>
<td>N</td>
<td>Greek via Latin and French</td>
<td>νίτρον (Latin: <i>nitrum</i>) -γενής (-<i>genes</i>)</td>
<td>native-soda begetter</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From French "nitrogène",<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> derived from Greek νίτρον γείνομαι (<i>nitron geinomai</i>), meaning "I form/beget native-soda (<a href="/wiki/Niter" title="Niter">niter</a>)".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Also used was <b>azoth</b>, from <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Arabic" title="Andalusian Arabic">Andalusian Arabic</a> <i>al-zuq</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> name of the element, and that from <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_language" title="Pahlavi language" class="mw-redirect">Pahlavi</a>.<br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>102</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a></td>
<td>No</td>
<td></td>
<td>Nobel, Alfred</td>
<td></td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, who invented <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> and instituted the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prizes" title="Nobel Prizes" class="mw-redirect">Nobel Prizes</a> foundation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>76</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a></td>
<td>Os</td>
<td>Greek via <a href="/wiki/Modern_Latin" title="Modern Latin" class="mw-redirect">Modern Latin</a></td>
<td>ὀσμή (<i>osme</i>)</td>
<td>a smell</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From Greek ὀσμή (<i>osme</i>), means "a smell".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></td>
<td>O</td>
<td>Greek via French</td>
<td>ὀξύ γείνομαι (<i>oxy geinomai</i>)/<i>oxygène</i></td>
<td>to bring forth acid</td>
<td></td>
<td>From Greek ὀξύ <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:γείνομαι">γείνομαι</a> (<i>oxy geinomai</i>), which means "Ι bring forth acid", as it was believed to be an essential component of acids. This phrase was corrupted into French <i>oxygène</i>, which became the source of the English oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>46</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></td>
<td>Pd</td>
<td>Greek via Latin</td>
<td>Παλλάς (genitive: Παλλάδος) (<i>Pallas</i>)</td>
<td>little maiden<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>astrological/ mythological</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a>, the asteroid discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid was named after <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Pallas Athena</a>, goddess of wisdom and victory.)<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> The word Palladium is derived from Greek Παλλάδιον and is the neutral version of Παλλάδιος meaning "of Pallas."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>Greek via Latin<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>φῶς + -φόρος (<i>phos + -phoros</i>)</td>
<td>light-bearer</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From Greek φῶς + -φόρος (<i>phos</i> + -<i>phoros</i>), which means "light bearer", because "white phosphorus" emits a faint glow upon exposure to <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a><br />
Phosphorus was the ancient name for <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a>, the (Morning Star).<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>78</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></td>
<td>Pt</td>
<td>Spanish via <a href="/wiki/Modern_Latin" title="Modern Latin" class="mw-redirect">Modern Latin</a></td>
<td><i>platina</i> (<i>del Pinto</i>)</td>
<td>little silver (of the Pinto River)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From the Spanish, <i>platina</i>, which means "little silver", because it was first encountered in a silver mine. Platina can also mean "stage (of a microscope)", and the modern Spanish is <i>Platino</i>. Platina is a diminutive of <i>Plata</i> (silver) and is a loan word from French <i>plate</i> or <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_language" title="Provençal language" class="mw-redirect">Provençal</a> <i>plata</i> (sheet of metal) and is the origin of the English "plate."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>94</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></td>
<td>Pu</td>
<td>Greek via Latin</td>
<td>Πλούτων (<i>Ploutōn</i>) via <i>Pluto</i></td>
<td>god of wealth<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>astrological;<br />
mythological</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>, because it was discovered directly after <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> and is higher than <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> on <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, so by analogy with the ordering of the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>. (The planet Pluto was named after "<a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>", a Greek god of the dead)<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Πλούτων (<i>Ploutōn</i>) is related to the Greek word πλοῦτος (ploutos) meaning "wealth."</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>84</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></td>
<td>Po</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Polonia</i></td>
<td>Poland</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, homeland of discoverer <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>. Was also called <b>Radium F</b>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>19</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></td>
<td>K</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Latin" title="Modern Latin" class="mw-redirect">Modern Latin</a> via <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and English<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>potassa; potasch via <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>pot-ash</td>
<td></td>
<td>From the English "<a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>", which means "pot-ash" (Potassium compound prepared from an <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> extracted in a <u>pot</u> from the <u>ash</u> of burnt wood or tree leaves).<br />
Potash is a literal translation of the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>potaschen</i>, which means "pot ashes."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> The symbol <b>K</b> is from Latin name, <b>Kalium</b>, from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> القلي (<i>al qalīy</i>), which means "calcined ashes".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>59</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a></td>
<td>Pr</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>πράσιος δίδυμος (<i>prasios didymos</i>)</td>
<td>green twin</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From Greek πράσιος δίδυμος (<i>prasios didymos</i>), meaning "green twin", because <a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">didymium</a> separated into <b>Praseodymium</b> and <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salts</a> of different colors.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>61</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a></td>
<td>Pm</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>Προμηθεύς (<i>Prometheus</i>)</td>
<td>forethought<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, who stole the fire of heaven and gave it to mankind (in Classical mythology).<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>91</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a></td>
<td>Pa</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>πρῶτος + ἀκτίς</td>
<td>first beam element</td>
<td>descriptive?</td>
<td>Derived from former name <b>Protoactinium</b>, from the Greek prefix <i>proto</i>- "first" + Neolatin <i>actinium</i> from Greek ἀκτίς (gen.: ἀκτῖνος) "ray" + Latin <i>-ium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>88</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a></td>
<td>Ra</td>
<td>Latin via French</td>
<td><i>radius</i></td>
<td>ray</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From Latin <i>radius</i> meaning "ray", because of its <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" title="Radioactive" class="mw-redirect">radioactivity</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>86</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a></td>
<td>Rn</td>
<td>Latin via German and English<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Contraction of <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> <a href="/wiki/Emanation" title="Emanation" class="mw-redirect">emanation</a>, since the element appears in the radioactive decay of radium.<br />
An alternative, rejected name was <b>Niton</b> (<b>Nt</b>), from Latin <i>nitens</i> "shining".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>75</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a></td>
<td>Re</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Rhenus</i></td>
<td>Rhine</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>From Latin <i>Rhenus</i>, the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>45</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></td>
<td>Rh</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>ῥόδον (<i>rhodon</i>)</td>
<td>rose</td>
<td>descriptive (colour)</td>
<td>From Greek ῥόδον (<i>rhodon</i>), which means "rose".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>111</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a></td>
<td>Rg</td>
<td></td>
<td>Röntgen,<br />
Wilhelm Conrad</td>
<td></td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" class="mw-redirect">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a>, who produced and detected <a href="/wiki/X-rays" title="X-rays" class="mw-redirect">x-rays</a>. It has also been called <b>Eka-gold</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>37</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a></td>
<td>Rb</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>rubidus</i></td>
<td>deepest red</td>
<td>descriptive (colour)</td>
<td>From Latin <i>rubidus</i>, which means "deepest red", because of color in <a href="/wiki/Spectroscope" title="Spectroscope" class="mw-redirect">spectroscope</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>44</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a></td>
<td>Ru</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Ruthenia</i></td>
<td>Russia</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>From Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a></i>, which means "Russia".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>104</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a></td>
<td>Rf</td>
<td></td>
<td>Rutherford, Ernest</td>
<td></td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of Baron <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, who pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_theory" title="Orbital theory" class="mw-redirect">Bohr model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>. <b>Rutherfordium</b> has also been called <b>Kurchatovium</b> (<b>Ku</b>), named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Vasilevich_Kurchatov" title="Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov" class="mw-redirect">Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov</a>, who shared discovered fundamental understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>62</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a></td>
<td>Sm</td>
<td></td>
<td>Samarsky-Bykhovets, Vasili</td>
<td></td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named after Samarskite, the mineral. ("Samarskite" was named after "Colonel <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Samarsky-Bykhovets" title="Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets">Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> mine official.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>21</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a></td>
<td>Sc</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Scandia</i></td>
<td>Scandinavia</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named from Latin <i>Scandia</i>, which means "<a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>"; formerly <b>Eka-boron</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>106</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a></td>
<td>Sg</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> via English</td>
<td>Seaborg, Glenn Teodor</td>
<td>Swedish surname, literally: "Lake Mountain"</td>
<td>eponym</td>
<td>Named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, who discovered the chemistry of the <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_elements" title="Transuranium elements" class="mw-redirect">transuranium elements</a>, shared discovered and isolated 10 elements, developed and proposed the <a href="/wiki/Actinide_series" title="Actinide series" class="mw-redirect">actinide series</a>. Other names: <b>Eka-tungsten</b><sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> and temporarily by IUPAC <b>Unnilhexium</b> (<b>Unh</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>34</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></td>
<td>Se</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>σελήνη (<i>selene</i>)</td>
<td>moon</td>
<td>astrological/ mythological</td>
<td>From Greek σελήνη (<i>selene</i>), which means "Moon", and also moon-goddess <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a></td>
<td>Si</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>silex</i>, -<i>icis</i></td>
<td>flint</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From Latin "silex" or "silicis", which means "<a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>", a kind of stone.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>47</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></td>
<td>Ag</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> via <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" title="Old English language" class="mw-redirect">Anglo-Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></td>
<td>𒊭𒁺𒁍/𒊭𒅈𒇥; <i>siolfor</i>/<i>seolfor</i></td>
<td>to refine, smelt</td>
<td>Latin <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><i><b>a</b>r<b>g</b>entum</i></a></td>
<td>From the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" title="Old English language" class="mw-redirect">Anglo-Saxon</a>, <i>seolfor</i> which was derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" title="Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*silubra-</i>; compare <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>silabar</i>; and has cognates in <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_language" title="Old Church Slavonic language" class="mw-redirect">Old Church Slavonic</a>: <span lang="cu" xml:lang="cu">sĭrebro</span>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <span lang="lt" xml:lang="lt"><i>sidabras</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a> <i>sirablan</i>. Possibly borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> 𒊭𒅈𒇥 <i>sarpu</i> "refined silver" and related to 𒊭𒁺𒁍 <i>sarapu</i> "to refine, smelt".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, possibly from one of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">Pre-Indo-European languages</a>, compare <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: <span lang="eu" xml:lang="eu"><i>zilar</i></span>.<br />
The symbol <b>Ag</b> is from Latin name <b>Argentum</b>, which is derived from PIE *<i>arg-ent-</i>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></td>
<td>Na</td>
<td>English</td>
<td>soda</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>From the English, "<a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">soda</a>", used in names for <a href="/wiki/Category:Sodium_compounds" title="Category:Sodium compounds">Sodium compounds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Caustic_soda" title="Caustic soda" class="mw-redirect">caustic soda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" title="Soda ash" class="mw-redirect">soda ash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baking_soda" title="Baking soda" class="mw-redirect">baking soda</a>.<br />
The symbol <b>Na</b> is from <a href="/wiki/New_Latin" title="New Latin">Modern Latin</a> noun <b>natrium</b>, derived from Greek νίτρον (nítron), "natural soda, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>" + Latin <i>-ium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> Its original source being either the Arabic word نطرون <i>natrun</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> word
<table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr">
<tr>
<td>
<table class="mw-hiero-table">
<tr>
<td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf23/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /><br />
<img style="margin: 1px;" src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf23/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png" height="11" title="D21" alt="D21" /><br />
<img style="margin: 1px;" src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf23/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /></td>
<td><img style="margin: 1px;" src="//bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf23/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G14.png" height="38" title="G14" alt="G14" /></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<i>netjeri.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>38</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a></td>
<td>Sr</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> via English</td>
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Sr%C3%B2n" title="Sròn">Sròn</a> an t-Sìthein</i>; Strontian</td>
<td>proper name (literally: "nose [i.e., 'point'] of the fairy hill)"</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Strontianite" title="Strontianite">Strontianite</a>, the mineral. ("Strontianite" was named after "the town of <a href="/wiki/Strontian" title="Strontian">Strontian</a>", the source of the mineral in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></td>
<td>S</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> and Arabic via <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>صفرا (<i>sufra</i>)</td>
<td>yellow</td>
<td>descriptive (colour)</td>
<td>Almost certainly from Arabic صفرا (<i>sufra</i>), "yellow", the bright color of the naturally occurring form. The word passed into <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" title="Sanskrit language" class="mw-redirect">Sanskrit</a>, गन्धक (sulvere or sulvari), the Latin, <i>sulpur</i>, the Old French <i>soufre</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> the English, "sulphur" or "sulfur", and also was commonly referred as "brimstone" in English translations of the Bible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>73</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a></td>
<td>Ta</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>Τάνταλος (<i>Tantalus</i>)</td>
<td>Tantalus; possibly "the bearer" or the sufferer"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>Named after the Greek Τάνταλος ("<a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a>"), who was punished after death by being condemned to stand knee-deep in water, if he bent to drink the water, it drained below the level he could reach (on <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>). This was considered similar to tantalum's general non-reactivity because of its inertness (it sits among reagents and is unaffected by them).<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>43</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a></td>
<td>Tc</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>τεχνητός (<i>technetos</i>)</td>
<td>artificial</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From Greek τεχνητός (<i>technetos</i>), which means "artificial", because of the first predominantly artificial element. <b>Technetium</b> has also been called <b>Eka-manganese</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>52</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a></td>
<td>Te</td>
<td>Latin</td>
<td><i>Tellus</i></td>
<td>Earth</td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>From Latin "Tellus", which means "<a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>" and also "<a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra Mater</a>", the goddess personifying the Mother Earth in Roman mythology<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>65</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a></td>
<td>Tb</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td>
<td>Ytterby</td>
<td>Proper name (literally: outer village)</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, the village in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> where the element was first discovered.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>81</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a></td>
<td>Tl</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>θαλλός (<i>thallos</i>)</td>
<td>green twig</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From Greek θαλλός (thallos), which means "a green shoot (twig)", because of its bright green spectral <a href="/wiki/Emission_line" title="Emission line" class="mw-redirect">emission lines</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>90</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></td>
<td>Th</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></td>
<td>Þōrr (Thor)</td>
<td>thunder</td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>, the god of thunder on <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The former name <b>Ionium</b> (<b>Io</b>) was given early in the study of radioactive elements to <b>Th</b>-230 <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>69</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a></td>
<td>Tm</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>Θούλη, Θύλη<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td>a mythical country</td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a>, an ancient Roman and Greek name (Θούλη, Θύλη) for a mythical country in the far north, perhaps <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. By the same token, <b>Thulia</b>, its <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>50</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a></td>
<td>Sn</td>
<td>Anglo-Saxon via <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></td>
<td><i>tin</i></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Borrowed from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>, and has cognates in several <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
The symbol <b>Sn</b> is from its Latin name <b>Stannum</b>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>22</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></td>
<td>Ti</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>Τιτάν<br />
<i>Titan</i><br />
(gen.: Τιτάνος)</td>
<td>Earth</td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>From Greek τιτάν (<i>titan</i>), which means "<a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>", and also "<a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>", the first sons of <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> in Greek mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>74</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></td>
<td>W</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></td>
<td>tung sten</td>
<td>heavy stone</td>
<td>descriptive</td>
<td>From the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, "tung sten", which means "heavy stone". The symbol <b>W</b> is from scientific name, <b>Wolfram</b>. The element and its ore, "<a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">Wolframite</a>", was named in honor of "<a href="/wiki/Peter_Woulfe" title="Peter Woulfe">Peter Woulfe</a>", who discovered its existence. The names <b>Wolfram</b> or <b>Volfram</b> are still used in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> and several languages.<br />
<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>118</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ununoctium" title="Ununoctium">Ununoctium</a></td>
<td>Uuo</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>systematic</td>
<td>IUPAC <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a> based on Latin for 118. It is sometimes called <b>Eka-radon</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>115</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ununpentium" title="Ununpentium">Ununpentium</a></td>
<td>Uup</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>systematic</td>
<td>IUPAC <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a> based on Latin for 115. It is sometimes called <b>Eka-bismuth</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>117</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ununseptium" title="Ununseptium">Ununseptium</a></td>
<td>Uus</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>systematic</td>
<td>IUPAC <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a> based on Latin for 117. It is sometimes called <b>Eka-astatine</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>113</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ununtrium" title="Ununtrium">Ununtrium</a></td>
<td>Uut</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>systematic</td>
<td>IUPAC <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a> based on Latin for 113. It is sometimes called <b>Eka-thallium</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>92</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></td>
<td>U</td>
<td>Greek via Latin</td>
<td>Οὐρανός (<i>Ouranos</i>); <i>Uranus</i></td>
<td>sky</td>
<td>astrological;<br />
mythological</td>
<td>Named after the planet <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, which had been discovered eight years earlier in 1781. The planet was named after "<a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a>", the god of sky and <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> on <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>23</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a></td>
<td>V</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></td>
<td>Vanadís</td>
<td>"<a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a>"</td>
<td>mythological</td>
<td>From <i>Vanadís</i>, one of the names of the <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanr</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> (of beauty) in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, because of multicolored <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> deemed beautiful.<sup id="cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>54</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></td>
<td>Xe</td>
<td>Greek</td>
<td>ξένος (<i>xenos</i>)</td>
<td>foreign</td>
<td></td>
<td>From the Greek adjective ξένος (<i>xenos</i>), which means "foreign, a stranger".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>70</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a></td>
<td>Yb</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td>
<td>Ytterby</td>
<td>proper name, literally: "outer village"</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named after <b>Ytterbia</b>, the compound of <b>Ytterbium</b>. (The compound <b>Ytterbia</b> was named after <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> village (near <a href="/wiki/Vaxholm" title="Vaxholm">Vaxholm</a>) where found the minerals <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">Gadolinite</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>39</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a></td>
<td>Y</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td>
<td>Ytterby</td>
<td>proper name, literally: "outer village"</td>
<td>toponym</td>
<td>Named after <a href="/wiki/Yttria" title="Yttria" class="mw-redirect">Yttria</a>, the (<a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a>) compound of <b>Yttrium</b>. (The compound <b>Yttria</b> was named after <b>Ytterby</b>, the village where found the minerals <b>Gadolinite</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>30</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></td>
<td>Zn</td>
<td>German</td>
<td><i>Zink</i></td>
<td>Cornet<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td></td>
<td>From German <i>Zink</i> which is related to <i>Zinken</i> "prong, point." May be derived from Old <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>40</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a></td>
<td>Zr</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>/<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> via Arabic and German</td>
<td><i>ܙܐܪܓܥܢܥ</i> <i>zargono</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> زرگون (<i>zargûn</i>)</td>
<td>gold-like</td>
<td></td>
<td>From <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> زركون (<i>zarkûn</i>). Derived from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, زرگون (<i>zargûn</i>), which means "gold like". <i>Zirkon</i> is the German variant of these and is the origin of the English "zircon."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical elements naming controversies">List of chemical elements naming controversies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_elements" title="Naming of elements">Naming of elements</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=aluminum">"Aluminum in Online Etymological Dictionary, accessed March 9, 2010"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Aluminum+in+Online+Etymological+Dictionary%2C+accessed+March+9%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Daluminum&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antimony">"Antimony | Define Antimony at Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Antimony+%26%23124%3B+Define+Antimony+at+Dictionary.com&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fantimony&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=antimony">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dantimony&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Antimony</b>,</span>
<ul>
<li><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/LSJ" title="LSJ" class="mw-redirect">LSJ</a>, <i>s.v.</i>, vocalisation, spelling, and declension vary; Endlich; Celsus, 6.6.6 ff; Pliny <i>Natural History</i> 33.33; Lewis and Short: <i>Latin Dictionary</i>. <i>OED</i>, s. <i>antimony</i>.</span></li>
<li><span class="reference-text"><i>stimmi</i> is used by the Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC. Later Greeks also used <i>στίβι (stibi)</i>, which is written in Latin by <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Celsus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> in the first century AD. Pliny also names <i>stimi</i> [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], <i>larbaris</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a></i> (Greek: ἀλάβαστρον), "very common platyophthalmos (πλατυόφθαλμος)", "wide-eye" in Greek (the description refers to the effects of the cosmetic). In Egyptian hieroglyphics, <i>mśdmt</i>; the vowels are uncertain, but in Coptic and according to an Arabic tradition, it is pronounced <i>mesdemet</i> (Albright; Sarton, quotes Meyerhof, the translator). In Arabic, the word for powdered Stibnite is <a href="/wiki/Kohl" title="Kohl" class="mw-disambig">kuhl</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.3rd1000.com/elements/Antimony.htm">[1]</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=arsenic">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Darsenic&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Astatine</b>, An earlier name for astatine was <b>alabamine</b> (<b>Ab</b>)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=barium">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dbarium&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Berkeley">"Berkeley – Wiktionary"</a>. En.wiktionary.org. 2010-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Berkeley+%E2%80%93+Wiktionary&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FBerkeley&rft.pub=En.wiktionary.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At one time, beryllium was called <b>glucinium</b>, which is from Greek γλυκύς (glykys), which means "sweet", due to the sweet taste of its <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salts</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/61/74/B0207400.html">"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: beryl"</a>. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-18</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%3A+beryl&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F61%2F74%2FB0207400.html&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Beryl&searchmode=none">"Beryl in Online Etymological Dictionary, accessed March 9, 2010"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Beryl+in+Online+Etymological+Dictionary%2C+accessed+March+9%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3DBeryl%26searchmode%3Dnone&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-naming_controversy-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-naming_controversy_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>see <b>Naming controversy</b> below</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bromine">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dbromine&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gemoll-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gemoll_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Gemoll W, Vretska K (1997). <i>Griechisch-Deutsches Schul- und Handwörterbuch (reek–German dictionary</i>), 9th ed<i>. öbvhpt. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-209-00108-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-209-00108-1">3-209-00108-1</a>.</i></span><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.au=Gemoll+W%2C+Vretska+K&rft.aulast=Gemoll+W%2C+Vretska+K&rft.btitle=Griechisch-Deutsches+Schul-+und+Handw%C3%B6rterbuch+%28reek%E2%80%93German+dictionary%29%2C+9th+ed.&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-209-00108-1&rft.pub=%C3%B6bvhpt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cesium">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcesium&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=calcium">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcalcium&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=carbon">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcarbon&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mythology-planet-element-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology-planet-element_18-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Some elements (particularly ancient elements) were associated with Greek (or Roman or others) gods or people, on <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> (or other mythology), and with <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> (or others in <a href="/wiki/Solar_system" title="Solar system" class="mw-redirect">solar system</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury (mythology)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury (planet)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a>, etc.<br />
Also, astrological symbols (for the planets) (particularly ancient elements) also often used same each ancient alchemical symbols (for the element or its metal).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Mike Campbell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindthename.com/name/ceres">"Meaning, Origin and History of the Name Ceres"</a>. Behind the Name<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.aulast=Mike+Campbell&rft.au=Mike+Campbell&rft.btitle=Meaning%2C+Origin+and+History+of+the+Name+Ceres&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindthename.com%2Fname%2Fceres&rft.pub=Behind+the+Name&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cereal">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcereal&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=chlorine">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dchlorine&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=chromium">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dchromium&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=copper">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcopper&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Darmstadtium</b>, some humorous scientists suggested the name <b>Policium</b>, because 110 is the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone number</a> for the German police.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-predicted_elements-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-predicted_elements_25-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Previous to discovery of some unknown elements, Prof. <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> predicted and described most of them appropriately properties, and fill the gaps in the table, on the basis of them position in his <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a>. The properties of 4 predicted elements, <b>Eka-boron</b> (<b>Eb</b>), <b>Eka-aluminium</b> (<b>El</b>), <b>Eka-manganese</b> (<b>Em</b>), and <b>Eka-silicon</b> (<b>Es</b>), proved to be good predictors of <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a>, respectively. The prefix <i>eka-</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, means "one" (places down from the known element in table), and is sometimes used in discussions about undiscovered elements, such as, <a href="/wiki/Untriennium" title="Untriennium" class="mw-redirect">Untriennium</a> was referred into <b>Eka-actinium</b>. <i>see also: <b><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">Mendeleev's predicted elements</a></b></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derived from a Latin masculine genitive.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Gold</b> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> is ज्वल <i>jval</i>; in Greek, χρυσός (<i>khrusos</i>); in Chinese, 金 (<i>jīn</i>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hydrogen">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dhydrogen&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=iodine">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Diodine&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=iron">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Diron&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Iron</b>, Benvéniste 1969 cit. dep</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Lead</b>, Lead was mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemists</a> believed lead was the oldest metal and associated the element with <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Mendelevium</b>, "Mendeleyev" commonly spelt as Mendeleev, Mendeléef, or Mendelejeff, and first name sometimes spelt as Dmitry or Dmitriy</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Mercury</b> – The Indian <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> called <i>Rassayana</i>, which means "the way of mercury".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Neodymium</b> is frequently misspelled as <i>neody<s>n</s>ium</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nickel">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dnickel&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nickel">Nickel in Online Etymological Dictionary</a>. Retrieved December 12, 2008.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nitrogen">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dnitrogen&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Nitrogen</b>, Pure gas is inert enough that <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> referred to it as "Azote", means "without life", so this term has become the French for <b>Nitrogen</b> and later spread out to many other languages.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=oxygen">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Doxygen&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Pallas">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DPallas&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=palladium">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dpalladium&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=phosphorus">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dphosphorus&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Woods, Ian (2004). <i>The Elements: Platinum</i>. The Elements. Benchmark Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1550-3">978-0-7614-1550-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.au=Woods%2C+Ian&rft.btitle=The+Elements%3A+Platinum&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1550-3&rft.pub=Benchmark+Books&rft.series=The+Elements&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=platinum">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dplatinum&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Pluto">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DPluto&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=potash">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dpotash&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Potassium">"Potassium"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.atitle=Potassium&rft.au=Harper%2C+Douglas&rft.aulast=Harper%2C+Douglas&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DPotassium&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ancient Greek derivation of <i>Prometheus</i> from the Greek πρό <i>pro</i> ("before") + μανθάνω <i>manthano</i> ("learn"), thus "forethought", which engendered a contrasting brother <a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(mythology)" title="Epimetheus (mythology)">Epimetheus</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>; it is succinctly expressed in <a href="/wiki/Servius" title="Servius" class="mw-redirect">Servius</a>' commentary on Virgil, <i><a href="/wiki/Eclogue" title="Eclogue">Eclogue</a></i> 6.42: "<i>Prometheus vir prudentissimus fuit, unde etiam Prometheus dictus est ἀπὸ τής πρόμηθείας, id est a providentia.</i>" Modern scientific linguistics suggests that the name derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Proto-Indo-European root</a> that also produces the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a> <i>pra math</i>, "to steal," hence <i>pramathyu-s</i>, "thief", <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with "Prometheus", the thief of fire. The <a href="/wiki/Vedic_mythology" title="Vedic mythology">Vedic myth</a> of fire's theft by <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81tari%C5%9Bvan" title="Mātariśvan">Mātariśvan</a> is an analog to the Greek account. <i>Pramantha</i> was the tool used to create fire. See: Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). <i>Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction.</i> Blackwell Publishing, p. 27.; Williamson (2004), <i>The Longing for Myth in Germany</i>, 214–15; Dougherty, Carol (2006). <i>Prometheus.</i> p. 4.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Protactinium</b>; In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Kasimir_Fajans" title="Kasimir Fajans" class="mw-redirect">Kasimir Fajans</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_H._G%C3%B6hring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto H. Göhring (page does not exist)">Otto H. Göhring</a> identified and named element 91 <b>Brevium</b>, from Latin <i>brevis</i>, which means "brief, short". The name was changed to "Protoactinium" in 1918 and shortened to <b>Protactinium</b> in 1949.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=radon">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dradon&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=silver">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dsilver&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Medieval" title="Medieval" class="mw-redirect">medieval</a> Europe, <b>Sodanum</b> is Latin name of "a compound of sodium".</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=aDhGlKL3h00C&pg=PA480&dq=sulphur"><i>The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology – Sulfur</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+English+Etymology+%E2%80%93+Sulfur&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDhGlKL3h00C%26pg%3DPA480%26dq%3Dsulphur&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qGorAAAAMAAJ&q=sulfur+sanskrit&pgis=1"><i>The Origin of Medical Terms – Sulphur</i></a>. 2007-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Medical+Terms+%E2%80%93+Sulphur&rft.date=2007-02-17&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGorAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsulfur%2Bsanskrit%26pgis%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=bIc2AAAAMAAJ&dq=sulfur+sanskrit&q=%22from+Sanskrit+via+Latin%22&pgis=1"><i>Magill's Survey of Science – Sulfur</i></a>. 2007-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Magill%27s+Survey+of+Science+%E2%80%93+Sulfur&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIc2AAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dsulfur%2Bsanskrit%26q%3D%2522from%2BSanskrit%2Bvia%2BLatin%2522%26pgis%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sulfur">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dsulfur&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sulfur">"Sulfur | Define Sulfur at Dictionary.com"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Sulfur+%26%23124%3B+Define+Sulfur+at+Dictionary.com&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsulfur&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Sulfur">"Sulfur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.atitle=Sulfur&rft.au=Harper%2C+Douglas&rft.aulast=Harper%2C+Douglas&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DSulfur&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Tantalus">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DTantalus&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordnik.com/words/Thule/etymologies">"Thule in Wordnik, accessed March 9, 2010"</a>. Wordnik.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Thule+in+Wordnik%2C+accessed+March+9%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordnik.com%2Fwords%2FThule%2Fetymologies&rft.pub=Wordnik.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Tin</b> – The American Heritage Dictionary</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Česky (2010-07-09). <a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Zink#German">"Zink – Wiktionary"</a>. En.wiktionary.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.au=%C4%8Cesky&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cesky&rft.btitle=Zink+%E2%80%93+Wiktionary&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FZink%23German&rft.pub=En.wiktionary.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Pearse, Roger (2002-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/oriental/syriac.htm">"Syriac Literature"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-11</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Pearse&rft.au=Pearse%2C+Roger&rft.btitle=Syriac+Literature&rft.date=2002-09-16&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Frpearse%2Foriental%2Fsyriac.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=zircon">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+name+etymologies&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dzircon&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li>Eric Scerri, <i>The Periodic System, Its Story and Its Significance</i>, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007.</li>
</ul>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="Template:Chemical elements named after places"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="Template talk:Chemical elements named after places"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_used_in_the_names_of_chemical_elements" title="List of places used in the names of chemical elements">Chemical elements named after places</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Named after terrestrial places</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Named after astronomical objects</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">See also</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><strong class="selflink">Chemical element name etymologies</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical elements naming controversies">Chemical elements naming controversies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" title="List of scientists whose names are used in chemical element names">Scientists whose names are used in chemical element names</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
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<td style="padding:2px">
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<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chemical_elements_named_after_scientists" title="Template:Chemical elements named after scientists"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" title="List of scientists whose names are used in chemical element names">Chemical elements named after scientists</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Always considered</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Indirectly</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a>
<ul>
<li>via <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a>
<ul>
<li>via mineral <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">See also</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><strong class="selflink">Chemical element name etymologies</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical elements naming controversies">Chemical elements naming controversies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_used_in_the_names_of_chemical_elements" title="List of places used in the names of chemical elements">Places used in the names of chemical elements</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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<td style="padding:2px">
<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<tr>
<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div>
</th>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Periodic<br />
table<br />
forms</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Standard</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#Overview" title="Periodic table">18-column</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(large_cells)#18-column_layout" title="Periodic table (large cells)">large cells</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(large_cells)#32-column_layout" title="Periodic table (large cells)">32-column (large cells)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Extended</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extension beyond the 7th period</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fricke_model" title="Fricke model" class="mw-redirect">Fricke model</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table_(large_version)" title="Extended periodic table (large version)">large cells</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyykk%C3%B6_model" title="Pyykkö model" class="mw-redirect">Pyykkö model</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Alternative</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_periodic_tables" title="Alternative periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Galaxy" title="Chemical Galaxy">Chemical Galaxy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_periodic_tables#Left_step_periodic_table_.28Janet.2C_1928.29" title="Alternative periodic tables">Janet's left step table</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Named<br />
sets of<br />
elements</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By<br />
periodic<br />
table<br />
structure</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Alkali metals)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Beyond</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/S-block" title="S-block" class="mw-redirect">s-block</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P-block" title="P-block" class="mw-redirect">p-block</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/D-block" title="D-block" class="mw-redirect">d-block</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/F-block" title="F-block" class="mw-redirect">f-block</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G-block" title="G-block" class="mw-redirect">g-block</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By<br />
<a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">Alkali metals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">Alkaline earth metals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superactinide" title="Superactinide" class="mw-redirect">Superactinides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eka-superactinide" title="Eka-superactinide" class="mw-redirect">Eka-superactinides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metalloid_lists" title="List of metalloid lists">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_nonmetal" title="Polyatomic nonmetal" class="mw-redirect">Polyatomic nonmetals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_nonmetal" title="Diatomic nonmetal" class="mw-redirect">Diatomic nonmetals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Misc.</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(nutritional_elements)" title="Template:Periodic table (nutritional elements)">Dietary elements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(nutritional_elements)" title="Template:Periodic table (nutritional elements)">Nutritional elements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum group metals</a> (PGM)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" title="Rare earth element">Rare earth elements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">Heavy metals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transactinide_element" title="Transactinide element">Transactinide elements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transplutonium_element" title="Transplutonium element" class="mw-redirect">Transplutonium elements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements" title="List of elements">Lists</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_production_chemical_elements" title="List of world production chemical elements" class="mw-redirect">Production</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" title="Symbol (chemistry)">Symbol</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(atomic_weight)" title="Template:Periodic table (atomic weight)">Atomic weight</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(electron_affinities)" title="Template:Periodic table (electron affinities)">Electron affinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(electronegativity_by_Allen_scale)" title="Template:Periodic table (electronegativity by Allen scale)">Allen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(electronegativity_by_Pauling_scale)" title="Template:Periodic table (electronegativity by Pauling scale)">Pauling</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(valence)" title="Template:Periodic table (valence)">Maximum valence</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Data<br />
pages</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements" title="List of oxidation states of the elements">Oxidation state</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Speeds of sound of the elements (data page)">Speed of sound</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_coefficients_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal expansion coefficients of the elements (data page)">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Element discoveries</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">Mendeleev's predictions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Name etymology</strong>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical elements naming controversies">controversies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_used_in_the_names_of_chemical_elements" title="List of places used in the names of chemical elements">places</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" title="List of scientists whose names are used in chemical element names">scientists</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">See also</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li>
</ul>
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